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  تماس با مدیر "آکادمی علوم انسانی بلوچ"

And, Contact the Head of The Baloch Academy Of Humanities

احمد رضا طاهری

Ahmad Reza Taheri

ahmadreza_taheri@yahoo.com پست الکترونیکی



        www.ahmadrezataheri.tk

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Plato

Plato:

“There will be no end to the troubles of states, or of humanity itself, till philosophers become kings in this world, or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers, and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands.”

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Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte:

“Governments keep their promises only when they are forced, or when it is to their advantage to do so.”

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موریس مترلینگ

موریس مترلینگ

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

همین موضوع که ما یقین داریم هرگز در این جهان نیست نخواهیم شد و همواره جز هستی خواهیم بود امیدواری بزرگی است.

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موریس مترلینگ

موریس مترلینگ

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

من هیچ افسوس نمیخورم که چرا نام من در دنیا باقی نخواهد ماند برای اینکه نام هیچکس در دنیا باقی نمیماند و عمر کره خاک که پانصد میلیون سال یا کمتر و زیادتر میباشد در قبال عمر جهان حتی یک میلیونیم ثانیه نیست.

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موریس مترلینگ

موریس مترلینگ

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

لازمه برقراری کمونیزم در یک جامه انسانی این است که حرص و بخل و حسد و خشم و شهوت از بین برود.

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موریس مترلینگ

موریس مترلینگ

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

ما باید خیلی خودپسند و خودخواه باشیم اگر تصور کنیم که ما برجسته ترین موجودات دنیا هستیم.

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موریس مترلینگ

موریس مترلینگ

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

اصول و اساس و قانون اصلی دنیا بی اطلاعی و بی خبری است.

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موریس مترلینگ

موریس مترلینگ

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

ترس ما از مرگ ناشی از این است که بیمناک هستیم که مبادا من را از دست بدهیم و بعد از مرگ خودمان را نشناسیم.

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انشتین

انشتین

ترجمه ذبیح الله منصوری

در دنیا خط مستقیم وجود ندارد و تمام خطوط بدون استثنا منحنی و دایره وار است و اگر این خط کوچکی که در نظرما مستقیم جلوه میکند در فضا امتداد یابد خواهیم دید که منحنی است.

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Iran & Its Nationalities: The Case Of Baloch Nationalism By: Dr. Mohammad Hassan Houseinbor

Iran & Its Nationalities: The Case Of Baloch Nationalism

By: Dr. Mohammad Hassan Houseinbor

Author: Dr. Mohammad Hassan Hosseinbor

First Editions: 2000

Pakistani Adab Publications

Price: (In America: $ 20.00) & (In Pakistan: 499.00 Rupees)

ایران و قومیتهایش (بلوچ ناسیونالیزم)

تألیف: دکتر محمد حسن حسین بر

Dr. Mohammad Hassan Hosseinbor is from Saravan (Gusht), Balochistan of Iran. He holds LL.B., M.A., M.C.L., and Ph.D.

He is a member of the Washington D.C. Bar. He served as Energy and Academic Advisor to the Embassy of the State of Qatar from 1982 to 1998. A former Teaching/ research assistant at the American University. He lives in Washington D.C. where he practices law.

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Political Views of Balochistan’s Tribes Of Pakistan By: Dr. Mohammad Reza Taheri

Political Views of Balochistan’s Tribes Of Pakistan

(After The Independence)

By: Dr. Mohammad Reza Taheri

Author: Dr. Mohmmad Reza Taheri

Publisher: University of Sistan & Balochistan

Quantity: 1000

Price in Iran: 25000 Rials

First Edition: 2004

ISBN: 964-93099-6-9

دیدگاههای سیاسی قبایل بلوچستان پاکستان ( بعد از استقلال پاکستان)

تألیف: دکتر محمد رضا طاهری

Dr. Mohammad Reza Taheri holds Bachelor of Economics, Master of Political Science, and a Doctorate degree in Political Science (Political Economy). He is from Saravan, Balochistan of Iran. He is the Dean of Agriculture Faculty of Saravan as well as the superior adviser to the Chancellor of Sistan & Balochistan University. He teaches Political Science and Law.

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A Comparative Dictionary Of American – British English By: Dr. Noorbakhsh Hooti

A Comparative Dictionary Of American – British English

With Persian Equivalents

By: Dr. Noorbakhsh Hooti

Author: Dr. Noorbakhsh Hooti

Gilar Publication

Quantity: 1000

First Edition: 2002

Price in Iran: 8000 Rials.

ISBN: 964-92598-5-6

فرهنگ قیاسی آمریکایی- بریتانیایی با معادل های فارسی(همراه با مثال)

تألیف: دکتر نوربخش هوتی

Dr. Noorbakhsh Hooti is from Nikshahr, Balochistan of Iran. He holds Bachelor & Master of English Literature, and a Doctorate degree in English Literature (Drama). He served as a professor at the Upsala Folk University in Sweden. Currently, he is a professor at Chabahar University, Iran.

It is, only seen and experienced by a long run, of the great differences that could exist in one language, particularly, the word formations. As far as the geographical background of vocabulary units are concerned; of how, there are so many British words or phrases that are either useless, outdated or even unknown to the American language speakers.

When viewed and glanced upon from an outer and wider perspective, it is in fact, proven, accepted and even sometimes, rejected by many scholars and linguists, that language is beyond borders and boundaries. The fact that language cannot, or as they disbelieve, should not be a subject to change, but a set of unchanged, conformed rules that a speaker must obey and put in use without thoughts, whatsoever.

However, it is not only clear, but also conceivably proven that language, hard to believe, can be influenced geographically both in accent as well as structuring of phrases and clauses, save for sentences. It is without a doubt that language is a means to communicate, and such medium is bound to serve its master, that is the user, in the best possible way, of what that user enjoys the most, indisputably undeniable.

Therefore, when one overlooks the English language – from the time of Anglo-Saxophones to the Medieval Era and the Dark Ages, seeing through the Victorian Times and the presence of the great prophet of the English language and literature; Master William Shakespeare, and continues up to the peak of the British Kingdom, the mother colony and her colonization of the world, entering the Industrial Revolution, the Two World Wars, the Great Depression of the thirties and the Beatles of the sixties and the all new generation X of the nineties – then one must be reminded that the English language, was in fact, the language that was, without a doubt, a subject to change, whether accepted to rejected by whomever, no matter of the opinion.

Furthermore, it is no surprise , to see so many differences in word structuring, that exists between the British and the American language speakers and the different diverse Bachelor nights to Stag parties… and Parking Lots to Car Parks are just few examples of such prominent variations.

It is what this book, as you might call it, was searching to achieve, to supply students of the English language with enough materials that would differentiate the many words and phrases that are used in both societies. Moreover, this is to be a referential material, a complete well presented, easy to use dictionary that students of the English language can depend on, when the equivalent terms confuse and puzzle them in terms of usage of such language… I hope that this book would supply students and teachers alike, with the appropriate materials. In anticipation that it would serve the interest of those improving vocabulary usage skills and whoever that has chosen this book for his/her own interest in the language.

Noorbakhsh Hooti

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Business: Introduction & Concept Author: Ahmad Reza Taheri

Business: Introduction & Concept
Author: Ahmad Reza Taheri
B.Com. M.Com. M.A. &
Research (Ph.D) student in Political Science

Publisher: Nashre Roosta

Quantity: 1000

First Edition: 2001

Price: (In Iran, 16000 Rials) and ( In Pakistan, 150.00 Rupees).

ISBN: 964 - 93423 - 0 - 3

Printed by: Printing House of Sistan & Balochistan University, university Road, Zahedan, Iran.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission in writing of the author.

بازرگانی: معرفی و مفهوم

تألیف: احمدرضا طاهری

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to offer my special thanks to my dear father, Dr.Mohammad Reza Taheri (Ph.D) a political Secince, Law, and Accounting professor. I would like to express my appreciation for his support , suggestions and hard work in making this book possible. His suggestions were extremely valuable.

My special thanks to Mr.Gholam Mohammad Khanzai, he was kind enough to take me to Karachi and was my focal point in Pakistan. This book could never have come into being without his cooperation.

Many thanks to Mr.Nawaz Ali Bhutto, the registrar of Sindh university for admitting me to this university and introducing me to the Department of Commerce.

I also would like to thank my teachers : Ms. Nusrat Fatima (M.Com) , Mr. Ashique Jatial (M.Phil) , Mr. Javid Chandio (M.Phil) , former chairman professor Manzoor Ahmed Shikh and professor Aga Riaz (current chairman).

Professor Hafiz Abro Director of Pakistan American cultural center and Professor Muneerudin Somro helped me much. Their kind assistance , contributions , personalities , methods and friendship have effected me most. I'm very grateful to Professor Emdad Ali Brahoee , Mr. Ali Reza Taheri and other members of my family especially my dear brother Omid Reza Taheri, a Ph.D student in Cognitive System.

At the end I like to assert that this book is the result of the collective contributions of these people and many others.

FOREWORD

As education in the field of Business and Commerce is getting popular day by day among the new generation , so the need was felt to produce some work on this subject. Although many books and articles about business are published annually , yet it is noteworthy to remember that this book is helpful to both the first year students of Business or Commerce at the B.Com level, and to the ordinary people to enhance their general knowledge of business. Many of the subjects which I have pointed in this book could be books in themselves. However since my aim was only to introduce this comprehensive science , therefore every thing is directed toward providing readers with an introductory view on Business. I am going to give you an introductory information regarding Business and its concept. I believe you find this book an effective one and my hope is that you will get as much out of this book as I have.

INTRODUCTION

In the early years of existence human being like any other creature used to search for its primary needs such as : nutrition to prevent hunger and shelter to be safe from danger. Actually there was no big difference between human being and other social animals. They could live , eat and sleep together. Among human being itself those who got more physical strength could easily dominate over other weakling ones so that may own their belongings , encroach upon their privileges and to have sexual abuses. Of course that , these horrible events still are happening in some parts of the world particularly in undeveloped and developing countries.

Long ago for many years people used to live in isolation. But later on they felt , to live individually is no more for their interest . They realized people are dependent on each other, for human began to joined in groups so as to may dominate over the surroundings and be able to get its desires. Therefore, individualism turned into socialism and since then human became known as a social or political animal. The interesting point of this political animal is its sense of knowingness which naturally was planted in its mind.

Earlier on , human history notion of life was very simple. People depended only to hunting , fishing and collection of wild fruits. Leaves and skins met their requirements of clothing and living in caves or over the trees could protect them from wild animals or other naturals phenomenon. Such groups or Normadic tribes were moving from one place to another to find their needs but mostly they preferred to stay by the side of lakes, rivers or near sea-shores.

Gradually and slowly human began to domesticate those animals which were beneficial like: sheep, goat, and cattle . These animals could provide human with milk and meat for food and skin for clothing . Now contrary to the past , they started to live in fixed places so that may cultivate their nearby lands… Cultivation led to agriculture where it became the primary occupation , then automatically this event led to the growth of villages and communities. Relative to this , three systems introduced one after the another. They are : Handicraft System , Domestic System and Barter System.

Handicraft System: In this system people began to produce clothing, housing and other related agricultural materials. These people are known as professional craftsmen like blacksmiths and weavers. They used of simple and inexpensive tools with the help of family labor to produce agricultural requirements at their homes and then exchange them with other agricultural products.

Domestic System: This system brought the new class of people who called merchants. Merchants or middlemen supplied raw materials and even tools to the craftsmen, then craftsmen undertook to convert raw materials into finished products at their own cottages or homes and in return received wages according to their performance. Middlemen or merchants collected those finished products from artisans or craftsmen and then sold them to the consumers.

Barter System: The handicraft system introduced division of labor which necessitated the exchange of goods. But money was not yet introduced. Hence artisans and agriculturists used to exchange their products directly, that is without the employment of money as a medium of exchange. Such a system of exchanging goods and services for other goods and services without using of money is called Barter system which in course of time this system suffered from various limitations. The limitations and inconveniences of barter system became apparent. So this caused the invention of medium of exchange. In the beginning some commodities such like : precious stones, shells, skins and ivory were commonly used as a medium of exchange. Subsequently other valuable metals like: gold and silver were used and finally paper money introduced.

Introduction of paper money as a medium of exchange gave a fillip to the extension of labor division. People began to produce goods according to their own skills and inclination to exchange their products. They set up special places which now called markets. These local markets gradually developed into towns and became the center of manufactured goods. Thus the size of markets and number of commodities exchanged increased to a great extent.

Partially it was under the stimulus of such environment that a fundamental revolution known as industrial revolution began in the British industry during the second half of eighteen century and first half of the nineteen century. Due to that, series of remarkable changes occurred not only in British industry, but also in other industries of different countries. This revolution was a phenomenon that radically altered the whole system of production and life of the countries. It turned the page of history to start a new chapter in human thought and activity. Some of the important features of this revolution are : mass production, capitalistic production, specialization, change in economy policy, rise in standard of living and trade cycles. The industrial revolution which started as a small cloud on the horizon of British industry in a short span of time spread over to the industrial sphere all over the world. Under the factory system ( the child of the industrial revolution ) workers now working in thousands of large factories located not at the homes of workmen but in elaborate buildings , built for the purpose mostly in cities or suburbs of the cities. The scale of production enlarged many times and products catered to the needs and tastes of consumers.

Recent advancement in the fields of science and technology, transport and communication together with the innovations and inventions have extensively widened the scope of commercial and business activities.

CONCLUSION

In these concluding remarks, I would like to remind you again the summarized definitions of Business and its parts plus its relation with Economics and their importance towards each other.

Trade is concerned with the actual buying and selling of goods. It classified into : home trade and foreign trade. Home trade or internal trade consisted of wholesale and retail trade. Foreign trade or international trade divided under the two heads : import trade and export trade. Trade itself is the main branch of commerce.

Industry means : all factories and companies involved in the manufacturing or production of goods. It is also a collective term for a group of firms operating in the same area of production. Thus it is concerned with the production. For the production we need finance and capital , without finance and capital we are unable to produce goods. So, both capital and finance will come under the umbrella of Commerce.

Commerce, in fact evolution of Business is the evolution of Commerce. It is the life blood of Business and plays an important role in the economy of a country. Because an economy extensively depends on the commerce. For example : enactment of commercial code or law of commerce plus commercial activities such as : trade, transport, finance, banking, insurance, warehousing, and marketing all in all would support and allow an industry to produce its products, then again after that, commerce establishes the necessary link between producers and consumers by the means of distribution.

Business , M.H.Ali the writer of (Business Organizations) in the beginning part of his book says : "the main objective of business is to earn profit. A business enterprise seeks to earn profits by exchanging goods and services for money. But every exchange of goods or services does not come within the definition of business. Those exchange of goods and services are considered as business which bring some profit to the exchangers."

Although M.H.Ali's book (Business Organizations) was a good and useful source for my work and I got some valuable information, nevertheless I would like to criticize a part of his definition concerning " Business" which he has written : "every exchange of goods or services does not come within the definition of business. Those exchange of goods and services are considered as business which bring some profit to the exchangers."

This above definition is suitable for the case of "Trade" but not Business. Because, Business is a wide science. We agreed that the main object of Business is to earn profit. Some where else business has been defined as : "an individual or group of individuals engaged in a trade, service or commercial activity with a view to making profit."

Well, in principle individual or group of individuals who engaged in any activity with a view to make a profit, but if they could not make profit from their business howsoever in that manner this situation also may called business , if not , then there is no any differences between the concept of Business and Commerce or Trade (study this fact radically) . Because all business activities which set up with a view of making profit in practice may not bring profit but so are called business. Let me to go further , I mean : even smuggling is a kind of business but we can not say that it is a kind of commerce. Remember that business is a comprehensive science which encompasses the over all commercial and industrial activities whether legal or illegal .

Economics, when we are talking about Business or Commerce willy-nilly the issue of Economics will come under the discussion. Because making profit will satisfy human wants and so satisfaction of wants is the main motive of Economics. By Economics we mean : analyzing the commercial and industrial operations and activities so as to find the most effective ways to develop a country's commerce and economy.

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بلوچ و بلوچستان (Baloch & Balochistan)

Baloch & Balochistan

Under the British, Balochistan was divided politically into three parts. The Goldsmid Line, drawn in 1871 and demarcated in 1896, gave western Balochistan to Persia, while retaining the larger eastern part for British India. The Durand Line, drawn also by the British in 1894, further divided Balochistan between British India and Afghanistan, assigning to the latter a small portion of northern Balochistan. As a British colonial legacy, these borders were inherited by Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and have served to divide the land ever since…

Unlike the universally agreed and long-established historical facts about the characteristics of the Baloch, the actual origin of the Baloch remains a matter of debate… Where did the Baloch come from?

Research scholars maintain different opinions and theories about the origin of the Baloch. Some say they belong to the northern regions of Alburz and east of Caspian Sea, now inhabited by Ashkanis, originally Aryans. They believe that the Baloch and the Kurds are of Aryan origin and are the true Iranians. Scholars such as: Sir Richard Burton and Professor Keane were of the same opinion, and this theory is also acceptable to the Persian for some reasons.

Some other researchers hold the opinion that the Baloch are the original cave-dwellers and hunters of Balochistan who created the first civilization of the world around Mehergarh.

Some historians maintain that they came from Halab, Allepe, and are Semites.

The religious leaders of Balochistan have done their bit to prove that the Baloch are from the Hamzeh family. To sustain this theory, nor more evidence has been introduced except a couple of poems and a holy wishful thinking (praying).

Balochistan located in Southwest Asia. It is a land with a large territory and a population of approximately 3-6 million. In the West, it has borders with Sindh state of Pakistan, from the East, it has borders with Kerman province in Iran, from the North, it has borders with Khorasan and Afghanistan, and from the South, the warm waters of Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean connect it to the Arab world and beyond.

It is difficult to estimate the total number of Balochi speakers, however the Baloch speaking population is estimated to be in the range of 10 to 15 million.

Balochi is classified as a member of the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family, which includes Kurdish, Persian, Pashto, Dari, Tajik, and Ossetian.

It is spoken in several different countries: Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, India, and the Arab Gulf States. It neither enjoys official status nor is used in the education system of any of these countries...

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آکادمی Academy

About us

This is “The Baloch Academy Of Humanities (Iran) .” To explain it better, it is interpreted as follows:

Why Baloch? Simply because, this virtual Academy initiated and developed by a few Iranian Baloch research scholars.

Why Academy Of Humanities? Because, it is generally connected with education. It deals with a particular subject i.e. Humanities. The people who initiated The Baloch Academy Of Humanities basically belong to the field of Humanities: Philosophy, Political Science, History, Anthropology, Psychology, Sociology, Law, Economics, Literature, Management, Public Administration, etc.

The Baloch Academy Of Humanities does not belong to any particular party, organization, institution, etc. It is thoroughly independent, and its activities are not against any Establishment or System.

Three major activities of The Baloch Academy Of Humanities are:

It warmly welcomes and invites people to write articles and papers about Humanities.

It conducts interview with the university professors, researchers, scholars, writers, etc.

It publishes news related to academic affairs.

Baloch Academist

01/05/2006

آکادمی علوم انسانی بلوچ (ایران)، آکادمی اینترنتی است که به هیچ فرد، گروه، و سازمانی وابسته نیست. این آکادمی مخالف هیچ نوع نظام و سیستمی نمیباشد، بلکه آکادمی علمی در زمینه علوم انسانی است... حقوق آکادمی علوم انسانی بلوچ محفوظ، و هرگونه كپي برداري از مطالب آن با ذكر منبع بلامانع است... ضمنا، لیست پیوندها به مفهوم تایید محتوای آنها نیست.

بلوچ آکادمیست

01/05/2006

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Baloch & Balochistan